The fiber optic cable shown, give its labelling, is for sure a 62.5/125 um Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF) OM1 cable.
Given that Cisco's SFP Transceivers are LH-SM (Long Haul Single Mode, I presume) then, using a MM fiber optic cabling (as it worked), it is possible (with degradation)...I suspect the contrary (SX MM Short Range Multi Mode SFP Transceiver on SM fiber optic cabling) it's a matter of being very lucky.
For sure there is a SFP Transceivers mismatch going on here (Aruba J4858D versus Cisco LH-SM)...probably a Cisco GLC-SX-MMD would solve the mismatch with the J4858D.