Sounds network related to me.
Check the DHCP scope used and make sure there are available addresses and the correct default gateway is being used.
Also check DNS works, this is required for captive portal. Make sure the user role allows dhcp and dns in the pre-auth role.
I assume you are manually entering the captive portal page as well and this doesn't work??
If you are using a hostname, try with the appropriate IP address and try pinging the IP first (if this is allowed by your user role policy).