If the switch is deployed as layer 2, that is expected as you will see ARP entries only where you have a layer 3 (routing) instance for the subnet. So you should be able to get the IP to mac mapping where you route the traffic, which is probably the core or a firewall.
One way to get IP information on layer 2 ports is to enable port-security, so 802.1X and/or MAC authentication. In that case, the command 'show port-access clients' will show more information, including the IP.
If the clients are dhcp clients, enabling the dhcp snooping option may provide ip-mac mapping as well for those clients.