First, make sure that you have a valid and trusted certificate on your controller and on ClearPass. A redirect to https://<private IP address>/xxx will give issues rather sooner than later. I have seen many places with similar weird issues, and when the proper certificates are installed it suddenly works without issue. Untrusted/self-signed certificates don't work (unfortunately).
Then the scary-looking error under Policy Manager. That probably can be considered 'normal' as for unknown and new clients, the fields you mention have not been set, and the query probably is used in the role-mapping policy or the enforcement policy and if there is such a failure processing will continue. This assumption is confirmed with the '[Endpoints Repository] - localhost: User not found.' message. And ClearPass hit the end of your Enforcement policy and returned the default 'Reject'.
Please make sure that you have the certificates fixed, if you still have issues after that it is needed to further investigate your service, rolemapping, enforcement, and Access Tracker information. Aruba Support can assist in that as well, and interactive troubleshooting is probably providing results much faster than a forum in this case.